Questions 55 – 59

Below you will find a set of statements followed by 3 or 4 figures, numbered (1), (2), (3) and (4).  Each figure is drawn as three overlapping circles (Venn diagram) describing the probable relationship among three class (set) of things, objects, groups, persons, etc., indicated by CAPITALIZED initials shown in the parenthesis in the statement(s).  Venn diagrams (or set of diagrams) here are the diagrammatic representation of sets or set operations.  You will also find here the symbols/expressions/figures denoting the basic (i.e. standard) operations of sets such as union, intersection, and compliments of a set.  Union (or join) of two or more sets means that it contains all the elements (or members) of the sets (say A and B) avoiding duplication and is denoted as A È B i.e., “A union B”.  The second basic operation i.e., intersection (or meet) of two or more sets means all the elements/members that belong to (i.e., common) both/ all the sets, for instance, A Ç B is read as “A intersection B”.   The compliment of a set denotes        (Ae) those elements/members which do not belong to set A.

In the figure, the un-shaded part means that the class or sub- class or sub-set is empty or there is no member/element in that class or sub-class or sub-set, i.e., a null-set, i.e., set A = {O}.

In particular, the following Venn diagrams and/or expressions illustrate the probable relationship between any two sets or class:

Indicates there is no A which is B, or there is no member which belongs to both sets A and B; it also indicates the set B is an empty set or null set {o} or A È B = A – B or A Ç B = {o} a null set.

Indicates there is no common member between the sets A and B or A Ç B = {o} and empty set.

Indicates the sub-set (a) represents some A is not B, i.e.,
A Ç Bc ; the sub-set (b) means that some A is B and vice versa, i.e., A Ç B ≠ {o}; and the sub-set (c) means that some B is not A or A c Ç B (or B Ç A c ).

Directions for Questions 55 – 56:.

For each set of statements 3 or 4 figures (Venn diagrams or expressions) using set symbols (as stated above) numbered (1), (2), (3) and (4) are given. Choose the diagram/set expression that describes the probable relationship among the class of objects, things, etc., (shown in a capitalized alphabet in parenthesis) as stated in the statement, and then darken the corresponding oval in the answer sheet.

Questions 57 – 59 are based on the following Passage:

Seven airline flights – 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 and 107 – are scheduled for departure, one at a time on the hour, from 9:00 AM. until 3:00 PM. The schedule must conform to the following requirements:

• Flight 101 must depart at 9:00 AM
  
• Flight 105 must depart later than Flight 103 and also later than Flight 102
  
• Flights 104, 106 and 107 must depart on consecutive hours in that order.
  

Directions for Questions 60 – 66:

These questions are based on a proposition or a sentence or a passage. Each proposition/sentence/passage represents an argument, which consists of several parts such as an assumption, a conclusion, an inference, or a premise etc., These terms are defined as follows:

Argument: an argument in any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow from others, which are regarded as providing support or grounds for the truth of that one.

Assumption: an assumption is an unstated and/or implied premise(s) that support(s) the conclusion.

Conclusion: the conclusion of an argument is the proposition that is affirmed on the basis of other propositions of the argument. These other propositions which are affirmed (or assumed) as providing support or reasons for accepting the conclusion, are premises of that argument. Conclusion and inference are often used synonymously in an argument. In an argument passage, there could be one or more minor conclusion(s) which serve(s) as the premise(s) for the major or main conclusion of the argument passage.

Premise: a premise is a stated reason or a piece of evidence, facts, examples, observations, that support(s) the conclusion or inference.

In this part, an argument passage, an excerpt, or a passage, is followed by questions which are statements either concerned with or related to the passage or reproduced from the argument passage. These questions are concerned with the parts of an argument as defined above i.e., an assumption, a conclusion, an inference, a premise etc.,

Identify if the statement(s) given in the question is an assumption, or conclusion/an inference, a premise or none of these (i.e., not an argument). Choose the following number as indicated below:

Choose – 1: if the statement is an assumption
Choose – 2: if the statement is a conclusion/an inference
Choose – 3: if he statement is a premise
Choose – 4: if the statement is not an argument

Darken the corresponding oval in the answer sheet.

Questions 60 – 66 are based on the following passage:

Passage:

It’s no news that mobile phone use raises the risks of brain cancer and impotency. Now mouth cancer to the list.

A team of international researchers has carried out a study and found that too much use of cell phones increases the chance of developing malignant mouth tumour, British newspaper and Daily Mail report today (Dec’15, ’07.)

In fact, the researchers came to the conclusion after analyzing the effect of mobile phone use on a group of people in Israel.

The team compared the life styles of 402 people with benign mouth tumours and 56 having malignant ones with a control group of 1,266 people. Those who used mobiles the most, were more likely than normal to develop parotid gland tumour.

In fact, five years of frequent use increased the chances of developing tumour by around 50 percent compared with people who had never used one, the researchers found.

Long users of mobiles tended to develop tumours on the same side of the head as the phone was normally held. People who used mobile phones in rural areas, where the phone has to work harder to make contact with the nearest base station, were found to be at greater risk.
(Source: reproduced in a national daily, Dec, 2007)